PARTS OF SPEECH
A.
NOUN
The noun is one of the most important
parts of speech. Its arrangement with the verb helps to form the sentence core,
which is essential to every complete sentence. In addition, it may function as
the chief or the head word in many structures of modification.
Examples : - Nurma wants to get good mark for this semester
-George
has good attention for this qualification.
or noun is a word used as the name of person, place, or
things. Four kinds of nouns as follows:
a. A
common noun is a name given in common to
every person or thing of the same class or kind (boy, girl, town, etc.)
b. A
proper noun is the name of some articular person or place (Ani, Betty,
Tasikmalaya, etc.)
c. A
collective noun is the name of a number of person or things taken together and
spoken as one whole (army, family, team)
d. An
abstract noun is usually the name of a quality, action or state considered a
part from the object to which it belongs (darkness, movement, childhood)
e. A
Concrete noun is something that can be smelt, tested, felt, touch.
B.
PRONOUNS
Pronouns are words that take place of noun. Those
pronouns that are actual substitute mar refer not only to a preceding noun-its
antecedent-but also to a larger part of a discourse that proceeds.
Examples : -
She went to America last week.
-I appreciate him, for he can
do the test well.
-My
book is borrowed by him
-Her
car is Mercedes
The following are the kinds of pronoun.
a. Personal
pronoun are used instead of person ( I, you, they, we, she, he, it)
1. Personal
pronoun as subject
2. Personal
pronoun as object
3. Personal
pronoun as possessive
a.1 Possessive adjective
a.2 Possessive pronoun
b. Reflexive
pronouns are used when the action done by the subject turns back (reflex) upon
the subject. (Example: I hurt myself)
c. Emphatic
pronouns are used when there are compound personal pronoun to stress
(Example: She herself says so. We saw the king himself)
d. Demonstrative
pronouns point out person or thing without noun. (Example: This is the present for you)
e. Indefinite
pronouns refer to person or thing in general way not in particular one (one,
any, some, every, anybody)
f. Distributive
pronouns refer to person or thing one at a time (each, either, neither)
g. Relative
pronoun relate to some nouns going before (who,whom,whose)
C.
VERB
Verb is the most complex parts of
speech. Its varying arrangement with nouns determines the different kinds of
sentence-statement-questions, commands, exclamations. Like the noun, the verb
has the grammatical properties of person and number, properties, which require
agreement with the subject. But the verb also has several other grammatical
properties that are shared with no other parts of speech, for example
properties of tense
Example : - Santy writes a letter twice a month
-
Andy went to the hospital yesterday
-
I am
a student.
Verb as word class
a. Auxiliary
verb
1. Primary
auxiliary verb
a. To
be
b. To
have
c. To
do
2. Modal
Auxiliary verb
3. Semi
modal auxiliary verb
b. Main
Verb
D.
ADJECTIVES
An adjective
describes the qualities of people, thing, place, etc.
Examples: A : “What’s your sister like?”
B : “ Well, she’s tall and slim. She has black hair
A : “ Is she beautiful?”
B : “ Yes, and she is smart
too.”
These are the
kind of adjectives, as follows:
a. Adjective
of quality shows the kind of quality of person or thing (large,honest,old,etc.)
b. Adjective
of quantity shows how much of thing is meant (some, all, little, etc.)
c. Adjective
of number shows how many persons or thing are meant. (several, five, all, etc.)
d. Demonstrative
adjective point out which person or thing is meant. (that, this, these, those)
E.
ADVERBS
An adverb adds information to a clause (e.g. about the
time or place of an action). Here the kinds of adverbs:
a. Adverb
of time (which show when)
|
Example :
|
: My nephew arrived at 07.00 yesterday morning.
I have to go to post
office tomorrow.
|
b. Adverb
of frequency (which show how often)
|
Example :
|
: She goes to the dentist twice a year.
Widi usually
goes to campus with his sister.
|
c. Adverb
of place (which show where)
|
Example :
|
: She works in the rice field.
They live in Tasikmalaya
|
d. Adverb
of manner (which show how or in what manner)
|
Example :
|
: She teaches her students well.
The doctor observes his patients carefully.
|
e. Adverb
of degree or quantity (which show how much, or in what degree or to what extent)
|
Example :
|
: She is quite young to know this problem.
I think, there is
too much sugar in this coffee.
|
F.
PREPOSITIONS
Preposition are words used with noun
or pronoun to show how the person or thing denoted the noun pronoun stands in
relation to something else.
|
Example :
|
: He walks beside me.
There are some foods in the fridge.
|
G.
CONJUNCTIONS
Conjunctions are joining words. Their
main role is to link together two parts of sentences.
a. Coordinating
conjunction (e.g. and, so, for, but, or)
|
Example :
|
: My mother is cooking, and my father is
reading newspaper.
I can’t decide. I have to go to cinema, or I have to
stay at home.
|
b. Subordinating
conjunction (e.g. although, because, as, if, after, etc.)
|
Example :
|
: Although he is sick, he carries out his duty
well.
Ary goes to course after he works at his
company every Saturday.
|
H.
INTERJECTIONS
Interjections are words which express
some sudden feeling.
Examples : Ooh! That is a good
idea.
Oops! I forget to bring my assignment.
Ugh! The taste is awful
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